Transcript
Understanding the muscles and how they work is crucial for medical professionals and students studying human anatomy. Our muscles play a vital role in movement, posture, and the overall functioning of the body. Here are some important muscle terms explained in Medical English at the B1 to B2 level:
Skeletal Muscle: Skeletal muscles, also known as voluntary muscles, are attached to the bones of the skeleton and are responsible for voluntary movements. These muscles contract and relax to allow us to perform activities like walking, running, and lifting objects.
Smooth Muscle: Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs, blood vessels, and other structures within the body. They are involuntary muscles that contract and relax to regulate functions like digestion, blood pressure, and breathing.
Cardiac Muscle: Cardiac muscle is a specialized muscle found in the walls of the heart. It has unique properties that allow it to contract rhythmically and involuntarily, pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle is essential for maintaining the circulatory system.
Muscle Fibers: Muscle fibers, also known as muscle cells or myocytes, are the individual units that make up muscles. They are long and cylindrical in shape and contain the proteins necessary for muscle contraction. Muscle fibers vary in size and arrangement depending on the type of muscle.
Tendons: Tendons are tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones. They play a crucial role in transmitting the force generated by muscle contraction to produce movement. Tendons are composed of collagen fibers and are known for their strength and flexibility.
Agonist and Antagonist Muscles: Agonist muscles are responsible for producing a specific movement when they contract. Antagonist muscles, on the other hand, work in opposition to agonist muscles. They relax while the agonist contracts, allowing smooth and coordinated movement. We need both types of muscles working together to move efficiently.
Isometric and Isotonic Contractions: Isometric contractions occur when the muscle generates tension but does not change in length. This type of contraction is commonly seen when holding a static position, such as gripping an object without movement. Isotonic contractions involve muscle contraction with movement, either concentrically (shortening of the muscle) or eccentrically (lengthening of the muscle).
In addition to the basic muscle terms, it’s important for medical professionals to know common muscle pathology terms. Here are some key terms related to muscle abnormalities and pathologic conditions:
Muscle Strain: A muscle strain, also known as a pulled muscle, occurs when muscle fibers or tendons are stretched or torn. It is usually caused by overexertion, improper use of muscles, or sudden movements. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and limited range of motion.
Myalgia: Myalgia refers to muscle pain or discomfort. It can be caused by various factors such as muscle overuse, injury, infection, or inflammation. Myalgia is a common symptom of conditions like viral infections or autoimmune diseases.
Muscle Spasm: A muscle spasm is an involuntary and sudden contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. It can be caused by muscle fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, or nerve irritation. Muscle spasms can range from mild and brief to severe and prolonged.
Muscular Dystrophy: Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. It usually results from abnormalities in the genes responsible for muscle structure and function. Different types of muscular dystrophy exist, each with specific symptoms and progression.
Myositis: Myositis refers to inflammation of the muscles. It can be caused by infection, autoimmune disorders, or as a side effect of certain medications. Symptoms include muscle weakness, pain, swelling, and fatigue.
Rhabdomyolysis: Rhabdomyolysis is a severe condition in which muscle cells break down and release their damaged contents into the bloodstream. This can lead to kidney damage and other complications. It is often caused by trauma, excessive muscle exertion, or certain medications.
Muscle Atrophy: Muscle atrophy is the wasting or loss of muscle tissue. It can occur due to disuse, aging, nerve damage, or certain medical conditions. Muscle atrophy results in a decrease in muscle size, strength, and function.
By learning these muscle anatomy and pathology terms, you can more accurately diagnose and treat muscle-related conditions. Happy studying!